1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Pharmorubicin Rapid Dissolution 10mg, 20mg, 50mg & 150mg
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
After reconstitution, each vial contains 2 mg/ml epirubicin hydrochloride
5 ml vials contain 10 mg of epirubicin hydrochloride
10 ml vials contain 20 mg of epirubicin hydrochloride
25 ml vials contain 50 mg of epirubicin hydrochloride
75 mlvials contain 150 mg epirubicin hydrochloride.
For excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Powder for solution for injection or infusion
Red, freeze-dried, sterile, , powder for injection containing 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg and 150 mg epirubicin hydrochloride.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Pharmorubicin has produced responses in a wide range of neoplastic conditions, including breast , ovarian, gastric lung and colorectal carcinomas, malignant lymphomas, leukaemias and multiple myeloma.
Intravesical administration of Pharmorubicin has been found to be beneficial in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, carcinoma-in-situ and in the prophylaxis of recurrences after transurethral resection.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Intravenous administration:
Pharmorubicin is not active when given orally and should not be injected intramuscularly or intrathecally.
It is advisable to give the drug via the tubing of a freely running IV saline infusion after checking that the needle is well placed in the vein. This method minimises the risk of drug extravasation and makes sure that the vein is flushed with saline after the administration of the drug. Extravasation of Pharmorubicin from the vein during injection may give rise to severe tissue lesions, even necrosis. Venous sclerosis may result from injection into small vessels or repeated injections into the same vein.
Conventional doses:
When Pharmorubicin is used as a single agent, the recommended dosage in adults is 60-90 mg/m2 body area; the drug should be injected IV over 3-5 minutes and, depending on the patients' haematomedullary status, the dose should be repeated at 21 day intervals.
High doses:
Pharmorubicin as a single agent for the treatment of lung cancer at high doses should be administered according to the following regimens:
Lung cancer
• Small cell lung cancer (previously untreated): 120 mg/m2 day 1, every 3 weeks
• Non small cell lung cancer (squamous, large cell, and adenocarcinoma previously untreated): 135 mg/m2 day 1 or 45 mg/m2 days 1, 2, 3, every 3 weeks.
Breast cancer
In the aduvant treatment of early breast cancer patients with positive lymph nodes, intravenous doses of erpirubicin ranging from 100 mg/m2 (as a single dose on day 1) to 120 mg/m2 (in two divided doses on days 1 and 8) every 3-4 weeks, in combination with intravenous cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil and oral tamoifen, are recommended.
The drug should be given as an I.V. bolus over 3-5 minutes or as an infusion up to 30 minutes. Lower doses (60-75 mg/m2 for conventional treatment and 105-120 mg/m2 for high dose schedules) are recommended for patients whose bone marrow function has already been impaired by previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy, by age, or neoplastic bone-marrow infiltration. The total dose per cycle may be divided over 2-3 successive days. When the drug is used in combination with other antitumour agents, the doses need to be adequately reduced. Since the major route of elimination of Pharmorubicin is the hepatobiliary system, the dosage should be reduced in patients with impaired liver function, in order to avoid an increase of overall toxicity. Moderate liver impairment (bilirubin: 1.4-3 mg/100ml) requires a 50% reduction of dose, while severe impairment (bilirubin> 3 mg/100 ml) necessitates a dose reduction of 75%.
Moderate renal impairment does not appear to require a dose reduction in view of the limited amount of Pharmorubicin excreted by this route.
Intravesical administration:
Pharmorubicin may be given by intravesical administration for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer and carcinoma-in-situ. It should not be used in this way for the treatment of invasive tumours which have penetrated the bladder wall where systemic therapy or surgery is more appropriate. Epirubicin has also been successfully used intravesically as a prophylactic agent after transurethral resection of superficial tumours in order to prevent recurrences.
While many regimens have been used, the following may be helpful as a guide: for therapy 8 x weekly instillations of 50 mg/50 ml (diluted with saline or distilled sterile water). In the case of local toxicity (chemical cystitis), a dose reduction to 30 mg per 50 ml is advised. For carcinoma-in-situ, depending on the individual tolerability of the patient, the dose may be increased up to 80 mg/50 ml. For prophylaxis, 4 x weekly administrations of 50 mg/50 ml followed by 11 x monthly instillations at the same dosage, is the schedule most commonly used.
The solution should be retained intravesically for 1 hour. To avoid undue dilution with urine, the patient should be instructed not to drink any fluid in the 12 hours prior to instillation. During the instillation, the patient should be rotated occasionally and should be instructed to void at the end of the instillation time.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to epirubicin or any other component of the product, other anthracyclines or anthracenediones.
• Lactation
Intravenous use:
• persistent myelosuppression
• severe hepatic impairment
• severe myocardial insufficiency
• recent myocardial infarction
• severe arrhythmias
• previous treatments with maximum cumulative doses of epirubicin and/or other anthracyclines and anthracenediones (see section 4.4)
• patients with acute systemic infections
• unstable angina pectoris
• myocardiopathy
Intravesical use:
• urinary tract infections
• inflammation of the bladder
• haematuria
• invasive tumours penetrating the bladder
• catheterisation problems
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
General - Epirubicin should be administered only under the supervision of qualified physicians experienced in the use of cytotoxic therapy.
Patients should recover from acute toxicities (such as stomatitis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and generalized infections) of prior cytotoxic treatment before beginning treatment with epirubicin.
While treatment with high doses of epirubicin (e.g., 2 every 3 to 4 weeks) causes adverse events generally similar to those seen at standard doses (< 90 mg/m2 every 3 to 4 weeks), the severity of the neutropenia and stomatitis/mucositis may be increased. Treatment with high doses of epirubicin does require special attention for possible clinical complications due to profound myelosuppression.
Cardiac Function - Cardiotoxicity is a risk of anthracycline treatment that may be manifested by early (i.e., acute) or late (i.e., delayed) events.
Early (i.e., Acute) Events. Early cardiotoxicity of epirubicin consists mainly of sinus tachycardia and/or electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities such as non-specific ST-T wave changes. Tachyarrhythmias, including premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, and bradycardia, as well as atrioventricular and bundle-branch block have also been reported. These effects do not usually predict subsequent development of delayed cardiotoxicity, are rarely of clinical importance, and are generally not a consideration for the discontinuation of epirubicin treatment.
Late (i.e., Delayed) Events. Delayed cardiotoxicity usually develops late in the course of therapy with epirubicin or within 2 to 3 months after treatment termination, but later events (several months to years after completion of treatment) have also been reported. Delayed cardiomyopathy is manifested by reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and/or signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF) such as dyspnoea, pulmonary oedema, dependent oedema, cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly, oliguria, ascites, pleural effusion, and gallop rhythm. Life-threatening CHF is the most severe form of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy and represents the cumulative dose-limiting toxicity of the drug.
The risk of developing CHF increases rapidly with increasing total cumulative doses of epirubicin in excess of 900 mg/m2 ; this cumulative dose should only be exceeded with extreme caution (see section 5.1).
Cardiac function should be assessed before patients undergo treatment with epirubicin and must be monitored throughout therapy to minimize the risk of incurring severe cardiac impairment. The risk may be decreased through regular monitoring of LVEF during the course of treatment with prompt discontinuation of epirubicin at the first sign of impaired function. The appropriate quantitative method for repeated assessment of cardiac function (evaluation of LVEF) includes multi-gated radionuclide angiography (MUGA) or echocardiography (ECHO). A baseline cardiac evaluation with an ECG and either a MUGA scan or an ECHO is recommended, especially in patients with risk factors for increased cardiotoxicity. Repeated MUGA or ECHO determinations of LVEF should be performed, particularly with higher, cumulative anthracycline doses. The technique used for assessment should be consistent throughout follow-up.
Given the risk of cardiomyopathy, a cumulative dose of 900 mg/m2 epirubicin should be exceeded only with extreme caution.
Risk factors for cardiac toxicity include active or dormant cardiovascular disease, prior or concomitant radiotherapy to the mediastinal/pericardial area, previous therapy with other anthracyclines or anthracenediones, and concomitant use of other drugs with the ability to suppress cardiac contractility or cardiotoxic drugs (e.g., trastuzumab) (see section 4.5).
Cardiac function monitoring must be particularly strict in patients receiving high cumulative doses and in those with risk factors. However, cardiotoxicity with epirubicin may occur at lower cumulative doses whether or not cardiac risk factors are present.
It is probable that the toxicity of epirubicin and other anthracyclines or anthracenediones is additive.
Haematologic Toxicity As with other cytotoxic agents, epirubicin may produce myelosuppression. Haematologic profiles should be assessed before and during each cycle of therapy with epirubicin, including differential white blood cell (WBC) counts. A dose-dependent, reversible leucopoenia and/or granulocytopenia (neutropenia) is the predominant manifestation of epirubicin haematologic toxicity and is the most common acute dose-limiting toxicity of this drug. Leucopoenia and neutropenia are generally more severe with high-dose schedules, reaching the nadir in most cases between days 10 and 14 after drug administration; this is usually transient with the WBC/neutrophil counts returning to normal values in most cases by day 21. Thrombocytopenia and anaemia may also occur. Clinical consequences of severe myelosuppression include fever, infection, sepsis/septicaemia, septic shock, haemorrhage, tissue hypoxia, or death.
Secondary Leukaemia - Secondary leukaemia, with or without a preleukaemic phase, has been reported in patients treated with anthracyclines, including epirubicin. Secondary leukaemia is more common when such drugs are given in combination with DNA-damaging antineoplastic agents, in combination with radiation treatment, when patients have been heavily pre-treated with cytotoxic drugs, or when doses of the anthracyclines have been escalated. These leukaemia's can have a 1- to 35.1).
Gastrointestinal - Epirubicin is emetigenic. Mucositis/stomatitis generally appears early after drug administration and, if severe, may progress over a few days to mucosal ulcerations. Most patients recover from this adverse event by the third week of therapy.
Liver Function - The major route of elimination of epirubicin is the hepatobiliary system. Serum total bilirubin and AST levels should be evaluated before and during treatment with epirubicin. Patients with elevated bilirubin or AST may experience slower clearance of drug with an increase in overall toxicity. Lower doses are recommended in these patients (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). Patients with severe hepatic impairment should not receive epirubicin (see section 4.3).
Renal Function - Serum creatinine should be assessed before and during therapy. Dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with serum creatinine> 5 mg/dL (see section 4.2).
Effects at Site of Injection - Phlebosclerosis may result from an injection into a small vessel or from repeated injections into the same vein. Following the recommended administration procedures may minimize the risk of phlebitis/thrombophlebitis at the injection site (see section 4.2).
Extravasation - Extravasation of epirubicin during intravenous injection may produce local pain, severe tissue lesions (vesication, severe cellulitis) and necrosis. Should signs or symptoms of extravasation occur during intravenous administration of epirubicin, the drug infusion should be immediately discontinued. The patient's pain may be relieved by cooling down the area and keeping it cool for 24 hours. The patient should be monitored closely during the subsequent period of time, as necrosis may occur after several weeks extravasation occurs, a plastic surgeon should be consulted with a view to possible excision.
Other - As with other cytotoxic agents, thrombophlebitis and thromboembolic phenomena, including pulmonary embolism (in some cases fatal), have been coincidentally reported with the use of epirubicin
Tumor-Lysis Syndrome - Epirubicin may induce hyperuricemia because of the extensive purine catabolism that accompanies rapid drug-induced lysis of neoplastic cells (tumour-lysis syndrome). Blood uric acid levels, potassium, calcium phosphate, and creatinine should be evaluated after initial treatment. Hydration, urine alkalinization, and prophylaxis with allopurinol to prevent hyperuricemia may minimize potential complications of tumour-lysis syndrome.
Immunosuppressant Effects/Increased Susceptibility to Infections - Administration of live or live-attenuated vaccines in patients immunocompromised by chemotherapeutic agents including epirubicin, may result in serious or fatal infections. (see section 4.5)
Reproductive system: Epirubicin can cause genotoxicity. Men and women treated with epirubicin should adopt appropriate contraceptives Patients desiring to have children after completion of therapy should be advised to obtain genetic counselling if appropriate and available.
Additional Warnings and Precautions for Other Routes of Administration
Intravesical route - Administration of epirubicin may produce symptoms of chemical cystitis (such as dysuria, polyuria, nocturia, stranguria, haematuria, bladder discomfort, necrosis of the bladder wall) and bladder constriction. Special attention is required for catheterization problems (e.g., uretheral obstruction due to massive intravesical tumours).
Intra-arterial route - Intra-arterial administration of epirubicin (transcatheter arterial embolisation for the localized or regional therapies of primary hepatocellular carcinoma or liver metastases) may produce (in addition to systemic toxicity qualitatively similar to that observed following intravenous administration of epirubicin) localized or regional events which include gastro-duodenal ulcers (probably due to reflux of the drugs into the gastric artery) and narrowing of bile ducts due to drug-induced sclerosing cholangitis. This route of administration can lead to widespread necrosis of the perfused tissue.
Excipients
Epirubicin, powder for solution for injection, contains methyl parahydroxybenzoate. This may cause allergic reactions (which may occur after treatment), and in rare cases, respiratory difficulties.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Epirubicin is mainly used in combination with other cytotoxic drugs. Additive toxicity may occur especially with regard to bone marrow/haematologic and gastro-intestinal effects (see section 4.4). The use of epirubicin in combination chemotherapy with other potentially cardiotoxic drugs, as well as the concomitant use of other cardioactive compounds (e.g., calcium channel blockers), requires monitoring of cardiac function throughout treatment.
Epirubicin is extensively metabolized by the liver. Changes in hepatic function induced by concomitant therapies may affect epirubicin metabolism, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic efficacy and/or toxicity (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).
Anthracyclines including epirubicin should not be administered in combination with other cardiotoxic agents unless the patient's cardiac function is closely monitored. Patients receiving anthracyclines after stopping treatment with other cardiotoxic agents, especially those with long half-lives such as trastuzumab, may also be at an increased risk of developing cardiotoxicity. The half-life of trastuzumab is approximately 28.5 days and may persist in the circulation for up to 24 weeks. Therefore, physicians should avoid anthracycline-based therapy for up to 24 weeks after stopping trastuzumab when possible. If anthracyclines are used before this time, careful monitoring of cardiac function is recommended.
Vaccination with a live vaccine should be avoided in patients receiving epirubicin. Killed or inactivated vaccines may be administered; however, the response to such vaccines may be diminished.
Cimetidine increased the AUC of epirubicin by 50% and should be discontinued during treatment with epirubicin
When given prior to epirubicin, paclitaxel can cause increased plasma concentrations of unchanged epirubicin and its metabolites, the latter being, however, neither toxic nor active. Coadministration of paclitaxel or docetaxel did not affect the pharmacokinetics of epirubicin when epirubicin was administered prior to the taxane.
This combination may be used if using staggered administration between the two agents. Infusion of epirubicin and paclitaxel should be performed with at least a 24 hour interval between the 2 agents.
Dexverapamil may alter the pharmacokinetics of epirubicin and possibly increase its bone marrow depressant effects.
One study found that docetaxel may increase the plasma concentrations of epirubicin metabolites when administered immediately after epirubicin
Quinine may accelerate the initial distribution of epirubicin from blood into the tissues and may have an influence on the red blood cells partitioning of epirubicin.
The co-administration of interferon α2b may cause a reduction in both the terminal elimination half-life and the total clearance of epirubicin.
The possibility of a marked disturbance of haematopoiesis needs to be kept in mind with a (pre) treatment with medications which influences the bone marrow (i.e. cytostatic agents, sulphonamide, chloramphenicol, diphenylhydantoin, amidopyrine-derivate, antiretroviral agents).
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
(See section 5.3)
Impairment of Fertility
Epirubicin could induce chromosomal damage in human spermatozoa. Men undergoing treatment with epirubicin should use effective contraceptive methods and if appropriate and available, seek advice on sperm preservation due to the possibility of irreversible infertility caused by therapy.
Epirubicin may cause amenorrhea or premature menopause in premenopausal women.
Pregnancy
Experimental data in animals suggest that epirubicin may cause foetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. If epirubicin is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the foetus.
There are no studies in pregnant women. Epirubicin should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.
Lactation
It is not known whether epirubicin is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs, including other anthracyclines, are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from epirubicin, mothers should discontinue nursing prior to taking this drug.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
There have been no reports of particular adverse events relating to effects on ability to drive and to use machines.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The following undesirable effects have been observed and reported during treatment with epirubicin with the following frequencies: Very common (
More than 10% of treated patients can expect to develop undesirable effects. The most common undesirable effects are myelosuppression, gastrointestinal side effects, anorexia, alopecia, infection.
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Intravesical administration:
As only a small amount of active ingredient is reabsorbed after intravesical instillation, severe systemic adverse drug reactions as well as allergic reactions are rare. Commonly reported are local reactions like burning sensation and frequent voiding (pollakisuria).Occasional bacterial or chemical cystitis have been reported (see section 4.4). These ADRs are mostly reversible.
4.9 Overdose
Acute overdosage with epirubicin will result in severe myelosuppression (mainly leucopoenia and thrombocytopenia), gastrointestinal toxic effects (mainly mucositis) and acute cardiac complications. Latent cardiac failure has been observed with anthracyclines several months to years after completion of treatment (see section 4.4). Patients must be carefully monitored. If signs of cardiac failure occur, patients should be treated according to conventional guidelines.
Treatment:
Symptomatic. Epirubicin cannot be removed by dialysis.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group (ATC code) – L01D B
The mechanism of action of Pharmorubicin is related to its ability to bind to DNA. Cell culture studies have shown rapid cell penetration, localisation in the nucleus and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis and mitosis. Pharmorubicin has proved to be active on a wide spectrum of experimental tumours including L1210 and P388 leukaemias, sarcomas SA180 (solid and ascitic forms), B 16 melanoma, mammary carcinoma, Lewis lung carcinoma and colon carcinoma 38. It has also shown activity against human tumours transplanted into athymic nude mice (melanoma, mammary, lung, prostatic and ovarian, carcinomas).
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
In patients with normal hepatic and renal function, plasma levels after I.V. injection of 60-150mg/m2 of the drug follow a tri-exponential decreasing pattern with a very fast first phase and a slow terminal phase with a mean half-life of about 40 hours. These doses are within the limits of pharmacokinetic linearity both in terms of plasma clearance values and metabolic pathway. The major metabolites that have been identified are epirubicinol (13-OH-epirubicin) and glucuronides of epirubicin and epirubicinol.
The 4'-O- glucuronidation distinguishes epirubicin from doxorubicin and may account for the faster elimination of epirubicin and its reduced toxicity. Plasma levels of the main metabolite, the 13-OH derivative (epirubicinol) are consistently lower and virtually parallel those of the unchanged drug.
Pharmorubicin is eliminated mainly through the liver; high plasma clearance values (0.9l/min) indicate that this slow elimination is due to extensive tissue distribution.
Urinary excretion accounts for approximately 9-10% of the administered dose in 48 hours. Biliary excretion represents the major route of elimination, about 40% of the administered dose being recovered in the bile in 72 hours.
The drug does not cross the blood-brain-barrier. When Pharmorubicin is administered intravesically the systemic absorption is minimal.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
The main target organs in rat, rabbit and dog following repeated dosing were the haemolymphopoietic system, GI tract, kidney, liver and reproductive organs. Epirubicin was also cardiotoxic in the species tested.
It was genotoxic, and, like other anthracyclines, carcinogenic in rats.
Epirubicin was embryotoxic in rats. No malformations were seen in rats or rabbits, but like other anthracyclines and cytotoxic drugs, epirubicin must be considered potentially teratogenic.
A local tolerance study in rats and mice showed extravasation of epirubicin causes tissue necrosis.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Methyl hydroxybenzoate
Lactose monohydrate
6.2 Incompatibilities
Prolonged contact with any solution of an alkaline pH should be avoided as it will result in hydrolysis of the drug. Pharmorubicin should not be mixed with heparin due to chemical incompatibility which may lead to precipitation when the drugs are in certain proportions.
Pharmorubicin can be used in combination with other antitumour agents, but it is not recommended that it be mixed with other drugs.
6.3 Shelf Life
a) Shelf life of the product as package for sale.
Four years
b) Shelf life after reconstitution according to directions:
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately after first penetration of the rubber stopper. If not used immediately, in use storage times and conditions are the responsibility of the user.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Keep container in the outer carton.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
5 ml, 10 ml, 50 ml and 75 ml colourless glass vial Type I with chlorobutyl rubber bung and aluminium snap cap.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
Preparation of the freeze-dried powder for intravenous administration. Dissolve in sodium chloride/water for injection. The vial contents will be under a negative pressure. To minimize aerosol formation during reconstitution, particular care should be taken when the needle is inserted. Inhalation of any aerosol produced during reconstitution must be avoided. After gentle agitation the reconstituted solution will be transparent and red in appearance.
Intravenous administration . Epirubicin should be administered into the tubing of a freely flowing intravenous infusion (0.9% sodium chloride). To minimize the risk of thrombosis or perivenous extravasation, the usual infusion times range between 3 and 20 minutes depending upon dosage and volume of the infusion solution. A direct push injection is not recommended due to the risk of extravasation, which may occur even in the presence of adequate blood return upon needle aspiration (see Warning and Precautions).
Discard any unused solution.
Intravesical administration. Epirubicin should be instilled using a catheter and retained intravesically for 1 hour. During instillation, the patient should be rotated to ensure that the vesical mucosa of the pelvis receives the most extensive contact with the solution. To avoid undue dilution with urine, the patient should be instructed not to drink any fluid in the 12 hours prior to instillation. The patient should be instructed to void at the end of the instillation.
Protective measures: The following protective recommendations are given due to the toxic nature of this substance:
Personnel should be trained in good technique for reconstitution and handling.
• Pregnant staff should be excluded from working with this drug.
• Personnel handling epirubicin should wear protective clothing: goggles, gowns and disposable gloves and masks.
• A designated area should be defined for reconstitution (preferably under a laminar flow system); the work surface should be protected by disposable, plastic-backed, absorbent paper.
• All items used for reconstitution, administration or cleaning, including gloves, should be placed in high-risk, waste disposal bags for high temperature incineration.Spillage or leakage should be treated with dilute sodium hypochlorite (1% available chlorine) solution, preferably by soaking, and then water.
• All cleaning materials should be disposed of as indicated previously.
• In case of skin contact thouroughly wash the affected area with soap and water or sodium bicarbonate solution. However, do not abrade the skin by using a scrub brush.In case of contact with the eye(s), hold back the eyelid of the affected eye(s) and flush with copius amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Then seek medical evaluation by a physician.
• Always wash hands after removing gloves.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Pharmacia Limited
Ramsgate Road
Sandwich
Kent
CT13 9NJ
United Kingdom
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 00032/0276
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 14 May 2004
Date of last renewal: 16 September 2010
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
16 September 2010
Ref: PM 4_0
